范甘内普(Arnold van Gennep,1873~1957)接受了杜尔干关于神圣与世俗的基本划分,但他却不同意将巫术与宗教分开,而是主张将巫术看作实践的方面,宗教看作理论的方面,把它们看作“巫术—宗教”混合体。他关于图腾崇拜与禁忌的论著,比列维-斯特劳斯更早地认识到,图腾崇拜只是一种分类手段,而不是一种宗教的早期形态。他在《通过仪式》(Rites of Passage)一书中,通过广泛的民俗考察,提出了通过仪式的三重模式,即分离、过渡、融合。他提出人类的经验是由不同的阶段组成的,从一个群体过渡到另一个群体,从一种状态到另一种状态。而通过仪式即各种庆典则往往包含了分离—过渡—融合三个阶段。在此基础上,特纳发展了更为完善的仪式理论,进一步提出了“阈限”(Liminality)、“融合”(Communitas)等重要概念。通过仪式的三阶段理论已经被人类学、宗教学、社会学等许多学科采纳并加以详细的阐发,对仪式研究、象征研究都产生了重大的影响。
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