参考文献:
[1]Alvin W. Gouldner, The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class, London: Macmillan, 1979.
[2]Carl Boggis, Intellectuals and the Crisis of Modernity, Albany: SUNY Press, 1993.
[3]Mike Featherstone, "Toward a Sociology of Postmodern Culture," in Hans Haferkemp, (ed), Social Structure and Culture, Berlin: Walter de Guyter, 1989, p.164.
[4]Mike Featherstone, Consumer Culture and Postmodernism, London: Sage, 1995.
[5]Dominic Strinati, An Introduction to Popular Culture, London: Routlege, 1995, p.237.
[6]Leo Lowenthal, Literature, Popular Culture and Society, Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Books, 1961.
[7]Clement Greenber, "Avant-Garde and Kistch," in James Hall et al (eds), Modern Culture and the Arts, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.
注释:
[1]Terry Eagleton, The Illusions of Postmodernism, Cambridge: Blackwell, 1996, pp.vii-viii.
[2]福柯:《权力的眼睛--福柯访谈录》,上海人民出版社,1997,第102页。
[3]《福柯专访录》,载《东西方文化评论》,第3辑,北京大学出版社,1991,第262页。
[4]引自Steven Connor, Postmodernist Culture, Cambridge: Blackwell, 1989, pp.41-42。
[5]Russell Jacoby, The Last Intellectuals--American Culture in the Age of Academe, New York: Noonday, 1987, pp.6-7.
[6]赵汀阳:《公共视野和公共语言》,载《中华读书报》,1999年6月16日。并参见以后的讨论。
[7]Zygman Bauman, "Legislator and Interpreters: Culture as Ideology of Intellectuals," in Hans Haferkemp, (ed), Social Structure and Culture, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1989, pp.320-321.
[8]鲍曼的这一理论和另一种看法似有不同,他并不把知识分子的角色从一开始就界定为一种批判者和对抗者,他认为在现代性扩张的过程中,知识分子最初是作为肯定的积极的力量而出现的,他们在文化、教育、权力合理化的过程中,实际上扮演了极其重要"权威"角色,他名之为"立法者"。我以为,鲍曼的说法揭示了知识分子历史角色的复杂性和变化,值得关注。
[9]同[7],p.324。
[10]同[7]p.330。
[11]美国社会学家古德纳认为,文化资本赋予知识分子一种"阶级意识",这使得他们以塑造"批判话语的文化"为己任。所谓"批判性话语的文化",在他看来是"历史地演变的一系列规则,是话语的语法。第一,它关心对其种种主张合理性的证明;第二,证明的方式不是求助于权威;第三,它强调在只在论辩基础上追求自愿的认同。"见Alvin W. Gouldner, The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class, New York: Oxford University, 1979, p.28。
[12]萨义德:《知识分子论》,台湾麦田出版有限股份公司,1997, 第108页。
[13]同[12],第121页。
[14]Alvin W. Gouldner, The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class(London: Macmillan, 1979).
[15]Carl Boggs, Intellectuals and the Crisis of Modernity (Albany: SUNY Press, 1993).
[16]Mike Featherstone, "Toward a Sociology of Postmodern Culture," in Hans Haferkemp, (ed), Social Structure and Culture (Berlin: Walter de Guyter, 1989), p.164.
[17]Mike Featherstone, Consumer Culture and Postmodernism (London: Sage, 1995).
[18]Dominic Strinati, An Introduction to Popular Culture (London: Routlege, 1995), p.237.
[19]Leo Lowenthal, Literature, Popular Culture and Society (Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Books, 1961).
[20]Clement Greenber, "Avant-Garde and Kistch," in James Hall et al (eds), Modern Culture and the Arts (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).