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[王立芳]艺人再造

[王立芳]艺人再造

艺人再造

Reproduction of Acrobats

【作者】王立芳

【导师】李明欢

【作者基本信息】厦门大学,社会人类学,2009年,博士

【副题名】吴桥杂技学童群体研究

【摘要】 本文在田野调查和口述史采集的基础上,利用人类学、社会学、历史学和民俗学等相关学科的方法,对杂技之乡河北省吴桥县的杂技学童群体进行系统研究。文章认为,当今吴桥杂技学艺、从艺行为是当地人对地方文化传统的现代性借用。历史上在生存压力下形成的杂技文化传统,在当代语境中,被国家、地方和个人加以利用,使杂技成为一种极具地方特色的职业选择模式。本论文分为六部分。序论部分介绍了研究问题、研究对象、调查过程和研究方法,从杂技、民间艺术研究两个方面对相关研究进行了回顾,在民间艺术研究回顾中特别对非物质文化遗产研究和从人类学、社会学角度对民间艺术研究的相关学术成果进行了概括性总结,并对本文解释理论传统再造、记忆理论和有限理性选择理论进行了阐释。第二部分系统考察了杂技在吴桥的产生和发展历程。作者指出,吴桥杂技的发展历史充满波折——封建政府的打压、民国时期的“改造”和文革期间的否定,然而,杂技的诱惑力使得学艺、从艺行为从未中止,并且形成绵延至今的规模大、影响力广的吴桥杂技学童和艺人群体。第三部分考察吴桥杂技教育形式的变迁。发现:第一,学艺方式呈现由家族行为向个人行为转变的趋势,第二,国家力量的介入,使现代学校教育模式和历史上延续而来的草根传承模式相结合,从而在一定程度上改变了杂技教育形式。第四部分剖析当代吴桥杂技学童群体学艺传统的再生产。详细分析学艺传统的恢复和发展、学艺动因的变化、群体构成及不同人士的学艺态度。着重探讨时代背景的变化,即改革开放后客观环境对学艺行为的许可,以及吴桥杂技从业者状况发生变化的情况下,吴桥杂技学童群体的学艺动因和构成情况。作者认为,吴桥杂技学童群体的学艺动因已由单纯的生存抉择发展为对生活环境、工作方式和名誉声望等更深、更高层次的追求;而在构成方面,该群体呈现出复杂多样的特点,从而使学艺传统经历再生产。第五部分从拜师仪式的消失、学艺日常生活和主要社会关系变化等方面,进一步探讨了学艺过程的再造。作者认为,伴随学艺机构、学艺类型的变化,学艺过程也被再造,如进入学艺领域的程序的简化,即历史上拜师仪式消失;学艺行为由附属于演出到步入规范化程序;杂技学童从由师傅完全负责到学校和家长共同负责等。这些表明,历经30年(改革开放至今)的“再造”,学艺行为正在向着更加合理化的方向迈进,吴桥杂技文化传统在新时代下焕发出更为健康的生命力。结论部分从个人(吴桥杂技学童)、单位(吴桥杂技团校)与国家三者之间关系的角度论述吴桥杂技艺人再造。作者认为,吴桥杂技学艺行为的存在和发展,应置于时代背景和地方文化传统中加以考察。吴桥杂技学艺传统的再造过程表明,国家力量在延续地域文化传统上具有深层影响,它提供了有利后者发展的空间和相关支持;而在此空间中的学艺机构改变着学艺行为中家族的作用方式,使学艺呈现新景象。  

【Abstract】 On the basis of field-work and oral history collection, the present dissertation aims to provide a systematic analysis on the acrobatics' pupils in Wuqiao, Hebei province. The author considers that acrobatics learning and practicing in present times is a modernity practice of local traditional culture. The tradition of acrobatics in Wuqiao emerged from under survival stress, while nowadays used by the state, the local government and individuals, acrobatics has become a special localized profession.The thesis comprises six chapters.The Introduction sets forth the research focus, objectives, and methodology. Then a review of related researches on acrobatics and folk art has been made, especially the anthropological and sociological researches on intangible cultural heritage and folk art. Finally the theories of tradition reproduction, memory theory and bounded rationality have been discussed.Chapter 2 amply reviews the history of acrobatics in Wuqiao. The author points out that in its long history acrobatics encountered many difficulties, even imperial prohibition. Despite of those restrictions, the acrobatic practices in Wuqiao have never stopped and a large influential acrobats community has been formed.Chapter 3 discusses the changes of acrobatics education model. Learning acrobatics has now become an individual decision more than a family decision. The interference of state force has led to the change of acrobatic education model from the traditional transmission to a combination of grounded model and the modern school education model.Chapter 4 analyses the reproduction of learning tradition. Through a thorough review on the resumption of acrobatics, the change of driving forces, the community structure and social attitudes, this chapter focuses on the major driving forces and the community structure transformed in the new socioeconomic context. Learning acrobatics is no longer a mere decision under survival stress. It has become a practice of seeking better jobs, better living environment and higher prestige. And the community composition has become more complex.Capter 5 probes into the vanishing of ceremony, pupils' daily life and social connections, which suggests that learning process has been reproduced too. Since 1980s, acrobatics learning has changed into an instance of rationalizing.Chaper 6 summarizes the reproduction of acrobats based on the interaction among state-force, organizations and individuals. The existence and evolution of Wuqiao acrobats community should be considered in particular space and time. State-force plays a profoundly significant role in handing down local traditional culture, by providing a comparatively open political and social space for it. As a result the local traditional culture has been reproduced.  
【关键词】 吴桥杂技学童群体; 传统再造; 国家力量; 地方文化传统; 职业选择

【Key words】 acrobatics’ pupils in Wuqiao; tradition reproduction; state-force; local traditional culture; choice of occupation

【网络出版投稿人】厦门大学 【网络出版投稿时间】2009-10-13 【网络出版年期】2010/02
【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2009.208620 【分类号】J828

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